Introduction to css style sheets

What You Should Already Know
Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:
  • HTML / XHTML
If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on our Home page.
What is CSS?
  • CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
  • Styles define how to display HTML elements
  • Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
  • External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
  • External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files
CSS Demo
An HTML document can be displayed with different styles: See how it works
Styles Solved a Big Problem
HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML document, and stored in a separate CSS file.
All browsers support CSS today.
CSS Saves a Lot of Work!
CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.
Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!

CSS Syntax

A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:
http://www.w3schools.com/css/selector.gif
The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.

CSS Example

A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

Example

p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

Try it yourself »

CSS Comments

Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:
/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
  • External style sheet
  • Internal style sheet
  • Inline style

External Style Sheet

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
RemarkDo not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>

Inline Styles

An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets

If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}
And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}
If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:
color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Styles can be specified:
  • inside an HTML element
  • inside the head section of an HTML page
  • in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

Cascading order

What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
  1. Browser default
  2. External style sheet
  3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
  4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).
RemarkNote: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS Id and Class

« Previous
Next Chapter »

The id and class Selectors

In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".

The id Selector

The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":

Example

#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}

Try it yourself »
RemarkDo NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

The class Selector

The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.
This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

.center {text-align:center;}

Try it yourself »
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

p.center {text-align:center;}

Try it yourself »
RemarkDo NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

« Previous
Next Chapter »

 

CSS Background

« Previous
Next Chapter »

CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element.
CSS properties used for background effects:
  • background-color
  • background-image
  • background-repeat
  • background-attachment
  • background-position

Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example

body {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Try it yourself »
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
  • a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
  • an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
  • a color name - like "red"
Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example

h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Try it yourself »

Background Image

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example

body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Try it yourself »
Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:

Example

body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Try it yourself »

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this: 

Example

body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}

Try it yourself »
If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}

Try it yourself »

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat

RemarkWhen using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

Try it yourself »
In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:

Example

body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-position:right top;
}

Try it yourself »

Background - Shorthand property

As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is simply "background":

Example

body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}

Try it yourself »
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:
  • background-color
  • background-image
  • background-repeat
  • background-attachment
  • background-position
It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order.
This example uses more advanced CSS. Take a look: Advanced example
Examples

More Examples

How to set a fixed background image
This example demonstrates how to set a fixed background image. The image will not scroll with the rest of the page.

All CSS Background Properties

Property
Description
background
Sets all the background properties in one declaration
background-attachment
Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page
background-color
Sets the background color of an element
background-image
Sets the background image for an element
background-position
Sets the starting position of a background image
background-repeat
Sets how a background image will be repeated

« Previous
Next Chapter »
Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text.
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
  • a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
  • an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
  • a color name - like "red"
Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.
Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}

Try it yourself »
RemarkFor W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the background-color property.
Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}

Try it yourself »

Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:
Example
a {text-decoration:none;}

Try it yourself »
It can also be used to decorate text:
Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}

Try it yourself »
RemarkIt is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.
Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Try it yourself »

Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
Example
p {text-indent:50px;}

Try it yourself »

Examples
More Examples
Specify the space between characters
This example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between characters.
Specify the space between lines
This example demonstrates how to specify the space between the lines in a paragraph.
Set the text direction of an element
This example demonstrates how to change the text direction of an element.
Increase the white space between words
This example demonstrates how to increase the white space between words in a paragraph.
Disable text wrapping inside an element
This example demonstrates how to disable text wrapping inside an element.
Vertical alignment of an image
This example demonstrates how to set the vertical align of an image in a text.
All CSS Text Properties
Property
Description
color
Sets the color of text
direction
Specifies the text direction/writing direction
letter-spacing
Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text
line-height
Sets the line height
text-align
Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-decoration
Specifies the decoration added to text
text-indent
Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block
text-shadow
Specifies the shadow effect added to text
text-transform
Controls the capitalization of text
unicode-bidi

vertical-align
Sets the vertical alignment of an element
white-space
Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled
word-spacing
Increases or decreases the space between words in a text

« Previous
Next Chapter »

CSS Font

« Previous
Next Chapter »
CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

Serif vs. Sans-serif
RemarkOn computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

CSS Font Families

In CSS, there are two types of font family names:
  • generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
  • font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
Generic family
Font family
Description
Serif
Times New Roman
Georgia
Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters
Sans-serif
Arial
Verdana
"Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters
Monospace
Courier New
Lucida Console
All monospace characters have the same width

Font Family

The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.
The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.
Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family: "Times New Roman".
More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example

p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

Try it yourself »
For more commonly used font combinations, look at our Web Safe Font Combinations.

Font Style

The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.
This property has three values:
  • normal - The text is shown normally
  • italic - The text is shown in italics
  • oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example

p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Try it yourself »

Font Size

The font-size property sets the size of the text.
Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.
Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.
The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.
Absolute size:
  • Sets the text to a specified size
  • Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
  • Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known
Relative size:
  • Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
  • Allows a user to change the text size in browsers
RemarkIf you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels

Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:

Example

h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}

Try it yourself »
The example above allows Internet Explorer 9, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari to resize the text.
Note: The example above does not work in IE, prior version 9.
The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text).

Set Font Size With Em

To avoid the resizing problem with older versions of Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.
The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.
The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em

Example

h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */

Try it yourself »
In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
Unfortunately, there is still a problem with older versions of IE. The text becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and Em

The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the <body> element:

Example

body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}

Try it yourself »
Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the text!
Examples

More Examples

Set the boldness of the font
This example demonstrates how to set the boldness of a font.
Set the variant of the font
This example demonstrates how to set the variant of a font.
All the font properties in one declaration
This example demonstrates how to use the shorthand property for setting all of the font properties in one declaration.

All CSS Font Properties

Property
Description
font
Sets all the font properties in one declaration
font-family
Specifies the font family for text
font-size
Specifies the font size of text
font-style
Specifies the font style for text
font-variant
Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font
font-weight
Specifies the weight of a font

« Previous
Next Chapter »


at

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)